Better integrating diverse perspectives, values and needs of stakeholders in assessing NbS, closely linked to the development of valuation methods that take account of NbS co-benefits and the multiple values of nature, including relational, intrinsic and instrumental values, is crucial for advancing the understanding of the delivery of benefits and trade-offs in the complex socio-ecological context of NbS. This includes mixed-method R&I designs that balance the need for qualitative and quantitative assessment of NbS impacts, but also the relative variation of costs and benefits of NbS in different settings which highlight the challenge for R&I to work with varying perspectives at scale and the need for contextualised and place-specific assessments and indicators of NbS performance.
European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Evaluating the impact of nature-based solutions: a handbook for practitioners. (Publications Office of the European Union, 2021).
European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation et al. Nature-based solutions: state of the art in EU funded projects. (Publications Office of the European Union, 2020).
European Environment Agency. Nature-based solutions in Europe policy, knowledge and practice for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. (Publications Office of the European Union, 2021).
Raymond, C. M. et al. An impact evaluation framework to support planning and evaluation of nature-based solutions projects: prepared by the EKLIPSE Expert Working Group on nature-based solutions to promote climate resilience in urban areas. (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, 2017).