Undertaking research on economic and non-economic costs and benefits of NbS performance, including social, economic and environmental costs and benefits, and also considering their valuation across time and space. The need for better inclusion of multiple costs and benefits, but also trade-offs and disservices in these analyses, is largely highlighted. These are related, for example, to the creation of jobs or growth or to human health and well-being, and tied with the need for more comprehensive and large-scale evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of NbS. As such this lever closely relates to the operational implementation and evaluation of NbS for practice and policy, described in subsequent pillars.
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