Providing space and developing methods for the co-production of NbS for the integration of scientific disciplines and the engagement of stakeholders in knowledge development and implementation. This includes the development of processes for the engagement of stakeholders in NbS design, including at the landscape level and across different socio-ecosystems (e.g., urban-rural) and in the longer-term. It also entails the development of novel approaches in R&I such as open innovation processes to advance the co-production of NbS and secure the active and ongoing participation of stakeholders across sectors in NbS projects, although the regional and cultural component of securing this participation should be recognised, both as a potential opportunity for cross-learning across regions and as a potential barrier for transposing successful processes. In addition, treating NbS dimensions in isolation, whether it be in a perspective of multi- or transdisciplinary, can render negative trade-offs, for example, between biodiversity, carbon sequestration and wood production in forest management, calling for increased investment in inter- and transdisciplinary R&I for achieving the co-benefits of NbS.
Aggestam, F. et al. Can nature conservation and wood production be reconciled in managed forests? A review of driving factors for integrated forest management in Europe. J. Environ. Manage. 268, 110670 (2020).
European Commission Directorate General for Research and Innovation. The vital role of nature-based solutions in a nature positive economy. (Publications Office of the European Union, 2022).
European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation et al. Nature-based solutions: state of the art in EU funded projects. (Publications Office of the European Union, 2020).
European Environment Agency. Nature-based solutions in Europe policy, knowledge and practice for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. (Publications Office of the European Union, 2021).
Raymond, C. M. et al. An impact evaluation framework to support planning and evaluation of nature-based solutions projects: prepared by the EKLIPSE Expert Working Group on nature-based solutions to promote climate resilience in urban areas. (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, 2017).