Non-monetary and monetary valuation methods within the method families of ‘nature-based’, ‘behaviour-based’, ‘statement-based’ and ‘integrated’ methods can help consider, beyond natural capital or inclusive wealth approaches, the potential for different types of values of nature and NbS in supporting transformative change towards just and sustainable futures. R&I can help identify the ways in which NbS and the multiple values of nature can act as both leverage points and levers for transformative change and opportunities for decision-makers to draw upon NbS and the multiple values of nature to enact change, including motivational, analytical, bridging, negotiation, social and governance. This highlights a role for R&I in uncovering how different methods and institutional structures promote, impede, or exclude different value expressions in NbS design and implementation through norms, conventions, rules, and other systems of power.
Chan, K. M. A. et al. Levers and leverage points for pathways to sustainability. People Nat. 2, 693–717 (2020).
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform On Biodiversity And Ecosystem Services. Summary for policymakers of the methodological assessment of the diverse values and valuation of nature of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). https://zenodo.org/record/6522392 (2022) doi:10.5281/ZENODO.6522392.