Co-developing knowledge and solutions and more generally promoting citizen and stakeholder engagement in NbS implementation is essential for their acceptability, as well as to help clarify NbS beneficiaries and accessibility for different groups. As such R&I can be instrumental in developing societal awareness on NbS, in particular but not limited to citizens’ awareness through information sharing, co-development of knowledge and identifying approaches to NbS design and implementation that empowers stakeholders. This aspect often appears key in expert consultations for successful NbS implementation, also because public opinion is a powerful driver of narrative change and influence on policy and business. R&I can:
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